Party with thousands of other players or, if you want, dance with the entire world! Create your playlist and jam it with your favorite songs. In Just Dance Now, you can see the total amount of calories you have burned by checking your Healthkit dashboard! Get your dancing shoes and prepare to move your body like never before!
Complete Google sign-in to access the Play Store, or do it later. Look for Just Dance Now in the search bar at the top right corner. Complete Google sign-in if you skipped step 2 to install Just Dance Now. Click the Just Dance Now icon on the home screen to start playing. Get your dancing shoes and sway your body to the best in this music game! BlueStacks helps you not to miss out on your favorite mobile games! Sign up Log in.
Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. These multiple stress factors cause loss of appetite, which leads to insufficient energy intake for the maintenance of gastrointestinal health [ 3 ].
Additionally, the damage of intestinal epithelial layers because of weaning stress reduces trans-mucosal resistance [ 2 ]. Therefore, piglets in the weaning period are sensitive to infection by enteric pathogens, such as Escherichia coli , which leads to diarrhea [ 4 , 5 ]. To prevent post-weaning diarrhea and to improve growth performance and gut health of piglets, various antibiotics have been used as growth promoters [ 6 , 7 ]. However, because of potential safety issues, such as antimicrobial resistance or antibiotic residue, that may occur when antibiotics are overused, most countries have banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters [ 8 , 9 ].
Therefore, a number of studies are being conducted to develop powerful alternatives to antibiotics for maintaining the health of weaned pigs [ 10 ]. It has been well studied that probiotics could be alternatives to antibiotics because of their ability to reduce diarrhea and improve the growth performance of weaned pigs [ 13 ]. General strains of probiotic spices are mostly isolated from consumers of probiotics, including humans, chickens, or pigs.
Commonly, Bacillus , Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , Enterococcus , and Streptococcus are used as probiotics [ 11 ]. Among them, Bacillus is an attractive bacterium for administration as a probiotic in swine feed because of its ability to form spores, which allows the bacterium to withstand high-temperature and the low-pH of gastric juices [ 14 ]. Additionally, spore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , allow for long-term storage without losing viability [ 15 ].
According to previous studies, supplementation of Bacillus has been shown to improve growth performance by enhancing gut barrier integrity and relieving post-weaning diarrhea [ 14 , 16 ]. Although several previous studies have shown that Bacillus has beneficial properties for the host, the results of its effects on the immune system or intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs are still inconsistent. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus -based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, immune response and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs.
Both dietary treatments were formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of the National Research Council [ 17 ] of weaned pigs and to have comparable metabolizable energy, crude protein CP , and lysine levels Table 1.
Animal plasma, antibiotics, and zinc oxide were excluded from the piglet diets to avoid antimicrobial or physiological effects, and all feeds were provided in meal form. The dietary probiotics used in this study were a commercial product containing a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.
Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled room and each pen was equipped with a feeder and water. Also, piglets were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experiment. The BW of pigs was recorded at d 0 of the experiment and at the last day of the experiment.
The amount of feed added per pen was recorded, and feed residue were weighed from each pen on the last day of the experiment. The difference between the last BW and the initial BW was divided by the number of experimental days to determine the average daily gain ADG. The feed intake per piglet was divided by the number of experimental days and was determined as the average daily feed intake ADFI. Diarrhea scores of all piglets during the experiment were recorded daily for 2 weeks from the first day after weaning.
Whole blood samples were collected from one randomly selected pig in each pen using the jugular vein and stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes with anticoagulant or serum tubes Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA to measure total white blood cells WBC counts or inflammatory cytokines on d 7 and Pigs were each fed a dietary treatment containing 0.
For the collection of fresh fecal samples, rectal palpation was performed from one randomly selected pig in each pen for the last 3 days after the 4-day adjustment period. Fecal samples for metagenome analysis were freshly collected from three randomly selected pigs in each treatment group on the last day of the experiment by rectal palpation with a sterile cotton swab, and the samples were placed in a sterile tube.
Immediately after anesthesia, pigs were euthanized by CO 2 gas [ 19 ]. For histological analysis, 3-cm sections were taken from the middle of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The tissue samples were gently flushed with 0. Dry matter DM, method The 15 longest and straightest villi and their associated crypts were selected to evaluate morphological changes [ 22 ]. The morphometric measurements of intestinal tissue were carried out as follows: villus height; crypt depth; villus height to crypt depth ratio VH:CD ; and the number of goblet cells.
Whole blood samples were analyzed by an automated hematology analyzer scil Vet abc hematology analyzer; scil animal care company,Viernheim, Germany calibrated for porcine blood for total WBC counts.
The optical density was measured at nm, and all concentrations were calculated using a standard curve. Quality control e. The statistical model for growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of piglets included effects of dietary treatment as a fixed effect. A chi-squared test was used for the diarrhea frequency. Several studies have shown that the addition of Bacillus to pig feed could improve growth performance or reduce the incidence of diarrhea [ 16 , 23 ].
However, some previous studies failed to observe such positive effects on growth performance [ 24 — 26 ]. These discrepancies in the effect of Bacillus on pig growth performance may be caused by various factors, such as diet formula, different Bacillus species, dose, pig age, or environmental features [ 15 ].
Based on these results, it can be speculated that improved growth rate of pigs may be a result of a tendency to increase ATTD in CP. Similarly, some previous studies demonstrated that pigs supplemented with Bacillus -based probiotics showed improved nutrient digestibility [ 27 , 28 ].
One of the major well-known benefits of Bacillus spp. Additionally, Bacillus spp. Therefore, it is predicted that nutrient digestibility may be increased due to Bacillus -based probiotic supplements in feed.
The data was analyzed by chi-squared test. Weaning leads to reduction of VH and VH:CD, impaired intestinal barrier function, and decreased mucin levels [ 2 , 3 ]. Intestinal epithelium cells play an important role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and protection from pathogens and toxins in the gastrointestinal tract [ 33 , 34 ].
Therefore, analyzing the morphology of the intestine is a profitable indicator for assessing the health and function of the intestine [ 35 ]. The goblet cells at the intestinal mucus layer produce secretory mucin glycoproteins or membrane-bound mucins, the proteins that form the mucus layer that acts as a line of defense against enteric pathogens and microbial adhesion and invasion [ 36 , 37 ].
In this study, the effects of Bacillus -based probiotics on the intestinal morphology of the small intestine duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and the number of goblet cells were evaluated Table 4. Bacillus -based probiotics did not affect the intestinal morphology in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but tended to increase the number of goblet cells in the ileum Advisory Board Prof. James O. Berger, Duke University Prof. Jon Forster, University of Southampton Prof. Merlise A. Clyde, Duke University Prof.
Jeffrey N.
0コメント